Prosphora

Liturgy of Preparation, Proskimidia, Service of Prothesis

Offering Prosphora and names at the Liturgy.

This is an outline for a catechetical talk here: https://www.orthodox.net//catechism/orthopraxis_2010+offering-prosphora+proskimidia,service-of-preparation.mp3

What is prosphora?

·         The bread used for the liturgy.

o       Pure wheat flour, water, yeast, salt ONLY.

o       ALWAYS leavened. – to celebrate the Resurrection

o       ALWAYS two layers to symbolize the dual nature of Christ.

o       Stamped on the top.

o       Baked by the faithful as an offering.

§         The process of baking should be discussed another time.

Styles of Prosphora

§         Greek “Byzantine” style

§         L to R: Byzantine style stamp, Byzantine style prosphora.

·         One large loaf

·         Stamp in the form of a cross, in 5 parts.

·         Vertical:

o       Three stamps IC XC NIKA ("Jesus Christ conquers")

o       Top: commemorate the living

o       Center – the Lamb, only part that will become the body of Christ

o       Bottom – for the dead

·         Horizontal

o       Left: Triangular area:Theotokos 

o       Right: 9 small triangular pieces the nine ranks of commemorations

1.      St John the Baptist

2.      Prophets

3.      Apostles

4.      Hierarchs

5.      Martyrs

6.      Monastics and all righteous.

7.      Unmercenary healers

8.      Saints of the day and patron of the temple

9.      Saint whose liturgy we celebrate (St John Chrysostom or St Basil)

§         Russian Style

§         L to R – Russian style stamp, 2 Russian style prosphora
  

·         Five separate loaves. – recalling Feeding of the 5000 (with 5 loaves and 2 fish)

·         Usually the Theotokos loaf has a special stamp.

·         Sometimes the loaf for the 9 ranks has a special stamp.

§         Prosphora for individual offering

·         Smaller.

·         Stamp of IC XC NIKA or sometimes a Saint or the Theotokos.

How is prosphora used?

• Two ways

·          

• Collectively – Offered by all the people.

o         

• The bread that will become the body of Christ
• Individually.

o         

• Submitted with a list of names of the living and the dead.  
• 1 or 2 loaves.
• Should be always with alms. (Some crudely call this “purchasing” a prosphora.

When is prosphora used?

• Liturgy of Preparation = Proskimidia” = “offering”= Prothesis (Gk. “setting forth”)
• Service before Divine Liturgy.

·          

• By the priest only, with deacon.
• Five loaves prepared, placed on diskos for Divine liturgy.
• Priest commemorates people from his (usually very large) dyptichs.
• INDIVIDUAL PROSPHORA OFFERINGS SHOULD BE DONE AT THIS TIME.

Diskos prepared for liturgy.

* The Lamb and particles placed on the diskos.
* The large triangle to the left of the Lamb is the particle for the Theotokos
* To the right of the Lamb are the particles for the nine ranks (saints)
* Below the Lamb are the particles commemorating the living and the departed.

Important pastoral notes.

·         “The priest prays for the people and with the people but not instead of the people.”

o       This means you should be present to offer your prosphora!

• Prosphora should be offered

·          

• By the individual making the offering ONLY (not by proxy)
• With alms.
• Before the Divine Liturgy, so the priest can commemorate the names properly.
• Concerning names.

·          

• Living and the Dead. 
• For each Orthodox name (if there is time!) a particle is taken out and placed on the diskos.

o         

• Near the end of the liturgy, after the communion of the faithful, all particles are poured into the chalice with the prayer: “By thy precious Blood, O Lord, wash away the sins of those here commemorated, through the intercessions of Thy saints. “
• Clearly, non Orthodox do not commune from the chalice, so neither should non Orthodox be commemorated with a particle, which will be put in the chalice
• Orthodox names should be used – no nicknames, etc
• It really helps if you *print* legibly.  It is REALLY frustrating to try to make out bad handwriting. Russian cursive is almost impossible for me to read.
• Non-Orthodox must be clearly marked.

o         

• Non-Orthodox are not “placed on the diskos”, but I always pray for all names. Christians pray for everyone, but do not pray for everyone in the exact same way.
• What happens when prosphora is offered late?

·          

• The priest’s prayer is disrupted.

o         

• He should never leave the front of the altar except when the service calls for movement.  Concentration is difficult.
• The names are not commemorated properly.
• The commemorations may be missed.

Locally at St Nicholas

• There are commemoration books in back, and commemoration slips, for the living and dead. . Each person must individually get a prosphora and offer it along with their book or slip(s).
• Everyone should offer their own prosphora. If a person is sick, of course, arrangements can be made with a friend to offer their commemoration book, but this is the exception, not the rule.
• Please indicate clearly if a person is not Orthodox. Use Orthodox names, not nicknames, etc.
• I am asking people to make a good faith effort to offer prosphora before the Liturgy begins. Offering prosphora ten minutes into the liturgy is just plain old wrong, and makes it quite impossible properly commemorate the people listed.
• We do not have a strict cutoff time when prosphora are not accepted, but keep in mind that:
• any prosphora offered after the liturgy starts causes a problem for the priest and
• guarantees that individual particles for each name will not be taken out, and
• definitely, none are accepted after the Great Entrance, since the diskos will be on the altar at this point.
• Keep in mind that my dyptichs are extensive and all current/past/sometime parishioners are commemorated. There is no need to submit names of parishioners, past or present.

References

Service of the Proskimidea https://www.orthodox.net//services/proskomede.html (also in PDF and DOC formats)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_Preparation

http://www.stmarkorthodox.org/prosphora.html

http://prosphora.org/

Priest Seraphim Holland 2010     St Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church, McKinney, Texas

This outline is at:

https://www.orthodox.net//catechism/orthopraxis_2010+offering-prosphora+proskimidia,service-of-preparation.doc

https://www.orthodox.net//catechism/orthopraxis_2010+offering-prosphora+proskimidia,service-of-preparation.html

The talk which is based on this outline is at:

https://www.orthodox.net//catechism/orthopraxis_2010+offering-prosphora+proskimidia,service-of-preparation.mp3

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